The Controversial Issue Of Vaccines - 1350 Words

Vaccines, a topic that remains a debated and contentious issue not only in the media but also in the homes of many, which is partly as a result of the comments made in the recent Republican primary debate in regards to this issue. Both Donald Trump and Ben Carson expressed their concern about the problematic vaccines schedules that are currently in place in the U.S. Today, children are required to get an average of thirty vaccines by the age of eighteen and fourteen of them before the age of two, where as years ago it was only about ten throughout childhood. Thankfully, since this is such a high amount no doctor is allowed, said by the CDC in 1983, to give a child more than four shots at a time. Dr. Ben Carson, a pediatric neurosurgeon, states, â€Å"It is true that we are probably giving way too many [vaccinations] in too short a period of time. And a lot of pediatricians now recognize that, and, I think, are cutting down on the number and the proximity in which [they] are doneâ₠¬  (Carson, CNN). Donald Trump backs Dr. Carson in his concern as Trump agrees that spreading the vaccine schedule out will lower concern and possibly even side effects that put parents in fear for vaccines. It’s clearly a matter of public concern. In response to the public’s questioning and challenging current vaccination standards, some physicians have begun to question the logic behind the current schedules and have even implemented their own ideas as a result. Dr. Robert Sears, a pediatrician, createdShow MoreRelatedFree Speech Is The Cornerstone Of The American Freedom1719 Words   |  7 Pagesalways included the freedom to speak freely. This freedom, granted by the 1st amendment, can be viewed as the cornerstone of the American freedom since without it most of the other freedoms Americans enjoy become less useful or even obsolete. The issue that many find with free speech however is that everyone must have it even if that person holds an opposing opinion. This mutual respect is the foundation for civil discussions and debates that shape the country and even the world. However many AmericansRead MoreVaccines and The Immune System1056 Words   |  4 Pagescommon in any vaccine. Others believe that vaccinations ar e very important to get because they could save someone’s life. There is not any proven fact that vaccinations could be a factor of autism, there are only assumptions being made to this. Parents either want their kids to get vaccinated or want absolutely nothing to do with vaccinations. Even though vaccines have minor side effects and have controversial issues such as autism, there is no evidence for the issue; therefore vaccines are very importantRead MoreShould Those Opposed For Immunization Conform For The Safety As A Nation?1170 Words   |  5 PagesShould those opposed to immunization conform for the safety as a nation? I will discuss the controversial debate of those who are for and against immunization, the extent of the issue of those affected, and supported evidence in strengthening my position for immunization. By proving the negative accusations immunizations has received creating a pandemic, as opposing parents fear their child is at risk refusing immunization and putting other children in danger. Exposing unvaccinated children in publicRead MoreThe Social Issues Of Vaccinations1740 Words   |  7 PagesSocioscientific Issues are controversial social issues which relate to science. They are ill-structured, open-ended problems which have multiple solutions. Considering this, many people/groups have varying outlooks on these issues meaning they may see the controversial issue through either a scientific or social view. Vaccinations are an extremely controversial topic not only in New Zealand but around the world, due to Andrew Wakefield s fraudulent hypothesis of a connection between the MMR vaccine and autismRead MoreThe Vaccine And Autism Controversy1179 Words   |  5 PagesVaccine and Autism Controversy Many parents are skeptical about getting their children vaccinated because of the fear that it may cause autism. The question of whether vaccines cause autism is still a controversial subject among many citizens today especially parents. Some citizens argue that vaccines are not safe and could potentially cause autism. 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They have, in part, led to a dramatic increase in human life expectancy and have successfully rid the human race of horrible diseases such as smallpox and polio. However, recently there has been controversy regarding alleged side effects of receiving vaccinations, with autism being at the forefront of discussion. A study published by Wakefield in 1998 is what sparked the debate; in the study, WakefieldRead MorePros and Cons to Vaccination in Children1750 Words   |  7 PagesSeptember 1st 2014 Pros and Cons to Vaccinations in Children Almost everyone has heard of the benefits and dangers of childhood vaccines. Parents are especially eager to do what is best for their child to protect him or her. Some people have different opinions on what the best specifically entails when it comes to childhood vaccines. Vaccinations are a controversial discussion as parents question whether it should be mandatory or optional when they feel the cons outweigh the pros. The governmentRead MoreIs Girls And Boys Should Get The 3 Series Of Shots?927 Words   |  4 Pagesarticles to understand how complicated this issue is. My opinion is that girls and boys should get the 3 series of shots, or like the European Union’s recent recommendation, a series of 2 shots to help most people prevent HPVs. But in all the reading I did, it is sadly going to be a controversial issue for a while. The anti-vaxxer movement got started because of a fake study in England. Unfortunately that movement is still causing doubt about all vaccines and w ill be responsible for more disease andRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccinations715 Words   |  3 PagesThe Importance of Vaccinations Vaccinations has become controversial in recent years. A growing number of parents feel that vaccines can cause harm. They believe that they have the right to decide whether or not to have their children vaccinated (â€Å"Introduction to Vaccines: Current Controversies† 6). This is true, however, public health and individual rights should be equally taken into consideration. While there is growing number of people who claims that mandatory vaccinations is against civil

I Have Cancer - Original Writing - 986 Words

Almost three years ago, Lauren sat down at the edge of the bed her beloved father was lying in. She was surrounded by her aunt and step mom. Lauren was not prepared to hear what was going to be said, her father had been sick for a couple of weeks. He d been coughing and had little energy, but she realized how busy her life was that she barely noticed any of it. She had, had many problems at school and other issues around her that made her lose focus of the ones that mattered the most. Later that Sunday afternoon, she came into the room where her Dad greeted her with all the cheer he was ever known for. She remembered seeing her aunt and stepmom looking very upset, as she still was coming, her dad had been at the hospital for a few days already for some tests. As her dad was about to discuss the results from all the tests he had done, he looked at Lauren and directly said, I have cancer.After that, she knew right then and there that their lives were about to change. She had so many questions and concerns and did not receive any answers: Although, she did not question why he had cancer and she was not really surprised when he said he had lung cancer. Her dad was a smoker for practically all his life and that his family had tried all they could to persuade him to quit smoking, but he just would not give it up. During these moments, her worries and problems vanished and everything changed for her and her family. Over the next few weeks, her father took every step he couldShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Fault Of Our Stars 1306 Words   |  6 Pagesin ourselves, that we are underlings.† In this novel, it is not the fault of Hazel and Augustus that they have experienced cancer, as they cannot avoid or change this occurrence. However, they can still make decisions in life despite the fact that there is an inevitable fate that awaits them. 2. Genre: The genre of this novel is Young-Adult Realistic Fiction. 3. 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Its an issue people love to talk about but never want to see a change in. I dont think it is possible that people dont know of passive smoking, which couldve been an explanation for their behavior, but since thats not possible, lets just say theyre freedom fighters for a lost cause. And whats the cause? Their fight to continue being allowedRead MoreThe Sound Of Silence By Simon And Garfunkel1337 Words   |  6 Pagesrock and soft rock genres. The two covers I have choose are by Disturbed (2015) and Touch of Glass (2016). While many older people have heard of the song sound of silence by Simon and Garfunkel most of the younger generation have only heard of the song by Disturbed with many people believing that disturbed wrote the song in the first place. Most people have never heard of Touch of Glass let alone that they sung this cover. The most major difference I have found between all 3 songs is the mood thatRead MoreThe Musical Gyspy667 Words   |  3 Pageswas written. 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Multiple Myeloma isRead MorePaper1748 Words   |  7 Pagesì µÅ"ì‹  Ã¬ ËœÃ­â€¢â„¢Ã«â€° ´Ã¬Å  ¤Ã­â€¢ ´Ã¬â€ž ¤ - 8ì ² ´Ã¬ §Ë†Ã¬Å¾â€žÃ¬Æ' Ã¬ ËœÃ¬â€š ¬Ã¬ Ëœ 안ë ª © - Preface Around April of 2015, while I was preparing for the 50th anniversary of the introduction of eight-constitution medicine (ECM) and ECM academic seminar, I planned on making the Teacher’s Day event in May and ECM Day event in October, which I had previously attended with some colleagues, open to other interested fellow Korean Medicine (KM) doctors throughout Korea. As I began my preparations, I realized that KM college students, who represent future hope and are

Aptitude-Treatment Interaction-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write an Essay on Aptitude-Treatment Interaction. Answer: Learning may be defined as the process or activity of gaining skill or knowledge through practicing, studying, experiences or by the processes involving being taught. It may also be described as the activity that is undertaken by a person who learns. It is a process that takes place in a social context that involves and intertwines attitudes and motivations, emotional and cognitive responses. The conceptual frameworks that describe the ways of absorption, processing and retention of knowledge during the learning may be referred to as the theories of learning. Environmental, emotional and cognitive influences in addition to early experiences play distinct roles in the ways in which a world view or understanding is changed or acquired and the skills and knowledge are retained. Aptitude-treatment interactions refer to the concept that some of the strategies that are used for the instructional purposes are either more effective or less for certain individuals (Yeh, 2012). This difference in the effectiveness depends on the specific abilities of the learners. This essay deals with the idea of aptitude-treatment interaction or ATI. The essay attempts to identify the major goals of the researches on ATI. It also puts in an effort to identify the weaknesses of the researches that have been conducted on ATI. The essay identifies an area of individual difference that has been investigated in the ATI research. The essay discusses the theoretical foundations of the concerned difference and moves on to provide some related evidences for the importance of the discussed difference of the individual. The essay also makes and attempt to suggest the processes by which the teachers may identify the ways in which the students may differ on a given variable of the aptitude-treatment interaction. The essay on an ending note recommends the ways in which instructions may be modified in order to help in the maximisation of language. Notion of ATI Aptitude-treatment interaction may be defined as an approach towards the instruction provided to the learners who are generally the students (Clark, 1982). The concept of ATI may also be translated as the ability-process interrelation. The concept is based on the presumption that it is necessary to have an optimal adaptation of the skills of the learner and the teaching methods adapted by the teaching facilities. The teaching methods maintain a reciprocal relationship with the abilities of the students. The concept is generally used in the concepts of educational psychology and in the fields of therapies that are needed for the social behaviour. In order to achieve optimal learning, it is important to tailor the methods of learning with the requirements of the learner (Corno et al, 2002). The students who have unfavourable prerequisites for learning such as low levels of intelligence or the high potentials for anxiety are known to have better learning experiences in the environments wherein the teaching methods are highly structured and educator-centred (Hessler, Sosnowsky, 2006). The students however gain better control over their learning goals in conditions where the prerequisites of learning are favourable. A high degree of freedom is effective in cases where the students have the freedom to set their own learning goals (Cronbach Snow, 1977). The ATI research is a paradigm of research that makes an attempt to study the ways in which the outcome of learning depends on the similarities between the specific aptitudes of an individual and the treatments that they receive. The effect of the treatment meted out to the individuals is found to be optimal when the aptitude of the individual is similar to the treatment that he encounters. Major goals of ATI The major goals of the aptitude-treatment interaction ensure that the learners will be able to acquire knowledge based on their respective learning aptitudes. There should be a great alignment between the aptitude of the learner and the instruction materials that are provided. The research covers a very large range of instructional variables and aptitudes. The ATI research is used to search for the new strategies used in teaching and the designing of the curriculum especially in the cases of subjects like reading and mathematics. Opportunities should be created to promote the goals for learning over the goals for performance while designing the environments for learning in the schools (Robinson, 2012). This can be observed in the areas of the designing of curriculum of the concerned school. The educators should emphasize on having more classroom environments that are centred on the knowledge. They should make sure that these environments should encourage the concept of performing whi le forming an understanding of the task at hand (DeKeyser, 2012). The primary goal of the theory of aptitude-treatment interaction is the determination of the particular combinations of treatments and aptitude that may be required to attain the desired outcomes. There are three principles that help in the formulation of these interactions (Snow, 2014). These principles suggest that the interactions between the instructional treatments and the aptitudes follow complex patterns. These interactions are influenced by the situational and task-related variables. It can be noticed that the students with lower capabilities of learning can achieve success in their learning procedures in an instructional environment that is highly structured (Johnson et al, 2013). Similarly, the students who possess higher learning capabilities tend to perform better in the lo-structured environments. It may be observed that the students who suffer from anxiety perform well in the instructional environments t hat are highly-structured while the independent students are seen to perform well in the low-structured environments (Fuchs et al, 2014). Weaknesses of ATI The major weakness of the aptitude-treatment interaction research is the lack in the attention that is paid to the social aspects of the learning activities. It is observed that the differences in the styles of learning can be associated to the variables of aptitude or the stability of the concerned person (Speece, 1990). The styles of learning may also vary within the individuals based on the variables of situations and tasks. There are a number of limitations that are incurred in the formulations of the model for the aptitude-treatment interactions. The abilities that were presumed to prove effective for one particular treatment may not be exclusive to that particular treatment (Jonassen, Grabowski, 1993). There may be ways in which one single ability may be used in a variety of effective ways for providing instructions in a certain technique. The requirements of the abilities may differ along with the progress of the concerned task at hand. This ensures that the importance of the concerned ability changes with the change in the progress of the task. The aptitude-treatment interactions may vary for the various kinds of the content that needs to be addressed and can be highly content-specific. The aptitude-treatment interactions that have been validated at the laboratories may not prove to be worthy of application in the real-time situations that are present in the classroom (Koran Koran, 1984). Aptitude-learning interactions may also be criticised on the aspects of the fact that these are over-concerned with the exploration of the simple relations of input and output, the measured traits and the learning outcomes that have been set previously. The critics suggest that a detailed understanding is needed of the psychological processes involved in the learning of a particular task in order to formulate and develop a theory of the aptitude-treatment interactions (Snow, 1989). It is difficult to calculate the variables of individual differences. Thus, the validi ty of the test may also face a problem in the attempt towards adapting the instructions that are to be followed keeping in mind the characteristics of the general students. Individual differences Learning can be basically defined as the mode of communication wherein knowledge is transferred from a sender to a receiver who returns the feedback to the concerned sender. The messages that have been exchanged between the two parties are all affected by some variables that may alter the entire meaning of the message that is intended. ATI takes into account all the factors that affect the learning processes of the concerned individual. The basic factors that interfere with the process of learning are the environmental factors, the psychological factors and other personal filters (Lehmann, Goussios Seufert, 2016). The environmental factors include any conditional change in the environment that causes distraction on the part of the learner. These factors may lead to the blockage of communications. The psychological factors refer to the individual differences that help to define and affect the reception of the information that has been conveyed. These factors may include both the emot ional state of the learner and his emotional state. The personal filters of the learner may refer to the values, beliefs and the heritage of the individual. These filters may be inclusive of the cultural differences, attitudes and the opinions of both the educator and the learner (Tobias, 1989). ATI research takes into account the theories and problems that relate to the second language acquisition. The second language learners face a varied number of problems while they try to adapt to the unique features of the new language that they are attempting to learn. The learners adapt to different paces and under varied circumstances (Vatz et al, 2013). Language aptitude is often seen to be dependent on a number of different aspects. The experiences of the learner vary in accordance with the language aptitude of the learner rather than with the general factor of intelligence. The learners work according to their own skills of learning. It is the duty on the part of the educators to design the curriculum in a way that the learners find a comfortable pace to work on it (Granena Long, 2013). The conventional notions as well as some of the modern ones are proven to be inadequate notions on the subject of intelligence. Intelligence is not seen to be an individual construct anymore. Th e patterns of positive correlations cannot be considered to be a function of the inherent structure of the intellect of the concerned person. It is said to reflect on the limitations that is incurred in the interactions that take place among the individuals who are interrogated or interviewed. Intelligence as an individual difference Intelligence may be referred to as the cognitive abilities of a concerned learner to learn and comprehend. This ability is associated with the factors of abstract thoughts, memories, logic, self-awareness, planning, emotional knowledge, problem solving and creativity. There are three aspects to intelligence of a person they are the analytical intelligence, creative intelligence and the practical intelligence. Analytical intelligence or the componential intelligence refers to the traditional idea of the concept of intelligence. This is characterised by the presence of mathematical and verbal skill as well as logical reasoning besides abstract thinking. Creative intelligence is also known as experiential intelligence. This is defined by the ability of the concerned learner to possess divergent thinking. In simpler words, the learner is considered to be owner of creative intelligence if the concerned person is able to generate new ideas and notions. He should also be capable of dealing with unique situations. The practical intelligence, also known as contextual intelligence may also be referred to as the street smarts. The learner possessing this type of intelligence must be able to apply the knowledge that he has gained from his studies in the real-life situations. The person should also be able to choose the environments for himself and shape them according to his own tastes. The intelligence quotient, commonly known as IQ, of an individual depends largely on the genetic susceptibility of a person. There are a number of varied modifiable environmental factors that may influence the IQ of a person. These factors include factors like education, alcohol and drug abuse, diseases and other mental illnesses, premature birth and even pollution. The intelligence of a person may be affected by both genetic and the non-genetic factors. There are several theories related to the concept of intelligence. The implicit theory of intelligence refers to the underlying fundamental beliefs of the learner as to whether or not can the abilities or the intelligence change. The followers of the entity theory assess the concept of intelligence as something that is constant. According to this group of learners, intelligence of a person is unchangeable. They consider it to be an internal characteristic of the learner that is fixed and thus, cannot be changed with the help of forei gn influences. The followers of the incremental theory of intelligence believe in the fact that their intelligence is flexible. They believe that their intelligence can be increased through the efforts that they put in to do so. The intelligence of a person may be affected by his surroundings as well. The environment of a person influences the genes of the person which in turn affect the intelligence of the concerned person. Evidences of the fact that intelligence is an individual difference may be found in classroom environments wherein a student with a higher intelligence level may acquire the lessons faster than one with a lower intelligence level. This is generally observed during the curriculum of mathematics and other such subjects wherein the implication of the acquired knowledge is needed. The educator needs to identify the learners with lower levels of intelligence and must aid them in order to help them learn the needed skill. Steps that need to be taken by educator The educator needs to be able to identify the students who face difficulties in learning (Peterson et al, 2013). The educator needs to identify the difficulties that a student faces while learning any curriculum. It is the duty on the part of the educator to then tailor the teaching process in order to help the learner cope up with the difficulty that he might be facing. The first and foremost step of the educator, however, should be the identification of the problems that the learner is facing. The educator should be able to connect with all the students in the concerned classroom (Yeh Lin, 2015). The teacher should maintain the visibility of the entire classroom by moving around while teaching. The teacher should allow the integration of the concepts and ideas that come forth from the students. The mode of teaching should be thematic and the presentation must be made in a brisk and lively pace. The teacher may put forth questions that require reasoning to be answered. The question s should be open-ended and help to stimulate discussion among the students. The students should need to use their ability to think critically in order to answer the questions put forward by the teacher. Efforts should be made on the part of the teacher to increase the responses from the students (Snow, Federico Montague, 1980). The students should be urged to respond in the classroom based on the information that has been taught in the class. The use of direct techniques for the purpose of teaching should be encouraged. The use of questioning methods that require to be responded in unison should be promoted. The lesson plans should be structured in a way such that the students may work in groups. This helps in maximising the attention and the involvements of the students (Pervin, 2015). The teachers may also alter the ways to call on the students. They may ask the students to ask the students to help them by asking their partners to respond by either written notes or by doing anyth ing that may attract their attention (Leutner, 2014). Teaching a learner with low intelligence may prove to be a challenge to many teachers. A special kind of teacher is required to help the people with low intelligence levels to learn. It is crucial on the part of the teacher to be patient, understanding and well-aware of the challenges that are specifically faced by these kind of students. The success of these students depend heavily on the quality of the knowledge that is imparted on to them. These students must be assessed accurately in order to provide them with the most appropriate teaching methods in order to affect their lives in an insightful way (Nurmi, 2012). The teacher must assess the intelligence of the learner in the initial stage by conducting an IQ test on the student. The normal zone of IQ levels lies in between 85 to 100; an IQ level that ranges between 70 to 85 is considered to be low while a learner with IQ levels below 70 may be identified to be suffering from mental retardation. The teacher may require a bit more patience and should devote some extra time for a student with an IQ level of 85. The learner with an IQ level below 70 may demand help even with the very basic tasks. The educator must make a note of the areas where the student faces the most number of challenges and the areas where the student is observed to be performing well. The teacher needs to encourage the artistic abilities of the student, if he possesses any such skills while helping the student to cope up with the spheres which he finds to be the most difficult. The teacher must set the curriculum based on the style of learning with which the student is comfortable. In many cases the teacher may have to repeat the same thing many times in order to help the student internalise the concept. The teacher must adhere to the easier vocabulary while dealing with the students having low intelligence. The instructions provided by the teacher should be clearly understood by the student in order to execute them in a proper manner. In conclusion to the above discussion, it may be said that the educators play a huge role in shaping the lives of the students who possess lower intelligence levels. The teachers and other educators have the huge responsibility to formulate the interaction processes that would help the students with lower IQ levels to learn alongside the other learners who possess higher levels of intelligence. The researches in the field of aptitude treatment interaction or ATI helps to provide a clearer insight into the steps and processes that should be kept in mind while designing the curriculum for the students that face difficulties in learning. The educators should be more careful while preparing curriculum for the subjects that require interactive skills such as mathematics and reading. These subjects require the learner to apply the knowledge that has been imparted to him by his educators. Thus it may be safely said that in order to ensure the fruitfulness of the aptitude-treatment interacti ons, the educator needs to put special emphasis on the individual differences that the students face while acquiring knowledge on the concerned subject curriculum. References Clark, R.E. (1982). Antagonism between achievement and enjoyment in ATI studies. Educational Psychologist. 17, 92-101. Corno, L., et al. (2002). Remarking the concept of aptitude: Extending the legacy of Richard E. Snow. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Cronbach, L. Snow, R. (1977). Aptitudes and Instructional methods: A handbook for research on interactions. New York: Irvington. DeKeyser, R. (2012). Interactions between individual differences, treatments, and structures in SLA.Language Learning,62(s2), 189-200. Fuchs, L. S., Schumacher, R. F., Sterba, S. K., Long, J., Namkung, J., Malone, A., ... Changas, P. (2014). Does working memory moderate the effects of fraction intervention? An aptitudetreatment interaction.Journal of Educational Psychology,106(2), 499. Granena, G., Long, M. (Eds.). (2013).Sensitive periods, language aptitude, and ultimate L2 attainment(Vol. 35). John Benjamins Publishing. Hessler, G.L., Sosnowsky, W.P. (2006). A review of aptitude-treatment interaction studies with the handicapped. Psychology in the Schools. 16, 388-394. Johnson, T. R., Lyons, R., Chuah, J. H., Kopper, R., Lok, B. C., Cendan, J. C. (2013). Optimal learning in a virtual patient simulation of cranial nerve palsies: The interaction between social learning context and student aptitude.Medical teacher,35(1), e899-e907. Jonassen, D.H., Grabowski, B.L. (1993). Chapter 2. Handbook of individual differences, learning and instruction. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Koran, M.L., Koran, J.K. (1984). Aptitude-treatment interaction research in science education. Journal of Research in Science Teaching. 21, 793-808. Lehmann, J., Goussios, C., Seufert, T. (2016). Working memory capacity and disfluency effect: An aptitude-treatment-interaction study.Metacognition and Learning,11(1), 89-105. Leutner, D. (2014). Motivation and emotion as mediators in multimedia learning.Learning and Instruction,29, 174-175. Nurmi, J. E. (2012). Students characteristics and teacherchild relationships in instruction: A meta-analysis.Educational Research Review,7(3), 177-197. Pervin, L. (Ed.). (2013).Perspectives in interactional psychology. Springer Science Business Media. Peterson, D. R., Barrett, J. D., Hester, K. S., Robledo, I. C., Hougen, D. F., Day, E. A., Mumford, M. D. (2013). Teaching people to manage constraints: Effects on creative problem-solving.Creativity Research Journal,25(3), 335-347. Robinson, P. (2012). Individual differences, aptitude complexes, SLA processes, and aptitude test development. InNew perspectives on individual differences in language learning and teaching(pp. 57-75). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Snow, R. (1989). Aptitude-Treatment Interaction as a framework for research on individual differences in learning. In P. Ackerman, R.J. Sternberg, R. Glaser (ed.), Learning and Individual Differences. New York: W. H. Freeman. Snow, R. E. (2014, June). Cogmtive-Conative Aptitude Interactions in Learning. InAbilities, motivation and methodology: The Minnesota symposium on learning and individual differences(p. 435). Routledge. Snow, R., Federico, P., Montague, W. (1980). Aptitude, learning and instruction, Vols 1 2. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Speece, D.L. (1990). Aptitude-treatment interaction: Bad rap or bad idea? The Journal of Special Education, 24, 139-149. Tobias, S. (1989). Another look at research on the adaptation of instruction to student characteristcs. Educational Psychologist, 24, 213-227. Vatz, K., Tare, M., Jackson, S. R., Doughty, C. J. (2013). Aptitude-treatment interaction studies in second language acquisition.Sensitive periods, language aptitude, and ultimate L2 attainment,35, 273. Yeh, Y. C. (2012). Aptitude-treatment interaction. InEncyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning(pp. 295-298). Springer US. Yeh, Y. C., Lin, C. F. (2015). Aptitude-Treatment Interactions during Creativity Training in E-Learning: How Meaning-Making, Self-Regulation, and Knowledge Management Influence Creativity.Journal of Educational Technology Society,18(1).